# xroot.dev

> xroot.dev publishes on-chain research and builds the tools it leads to — wallet and token checks on Solana and Robinhood Chain, and the operations to act on what they find. Nothing to connect to check, nothing to sign until you decide.

Research and tools for what is actually on-chain. The research is published here; the tools built from it run on https://app.xroot.dev. Checking reads public chain data — there is no wallet to connect and nothing to sign until you decide to act on a finding. Your own wallet signs every operation and receives whatever comes back; nothing is ever held on your behalf.

## Research

- [How Many Confirmations Does a Solana Deposit Need?](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-deposit-confirmations-how-many): “Confirmed” on Solana is two-thirds of stake voting once; “finalized” is 32 blocks deep. What each measures, the 120-second deadline, and what changes next.
- [How Long to Unstake Solana: The 9% Cooldown Queue Explained](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-unstaking-queue-cooldown): Deactivating Solana stake is not instant. At most 9% of total stake can leave per epoch, so a crowded exit slows yours. The formula, the floor, and the timing.
- [When Solana Staking Rewards Arrive, and Why Yours Was Zero](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-staking-rewards-when-and-why-zero): Solana pays staking rewards over the first blocks of each epoch, in a block computable from your address. Nine reasons the node pays zero, and what each means.
- [Solana RPC Error Codes Explained: -32001 to -32021](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-rpc-error-codes-explained): Every custom Solana JSON-RPC error from -32001 to -32021: the message the node sends, the data it attaches, and the client action each calls for. From source.
- [“Log Truncated” on Solana: The 10,000-Byte Rule Explained](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-log-truncated-10000-bytes): Solana keeps 10,000 bytes of program logs per transaction and drops the line that crosses the limit whole. Why simulation hits it too, and what each msg! costs.
- [Stake-Weighted QoS on Solana, With the Actual Formula](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-stake-weighted-qos-formula): Solana leaders allocate QUIC streams by sender stake. The formula caps at 512 streams once a sender holds 0.38% of stake, and far peers get more. From source.
- [Passkeys on Solana: Why Half of WebAuthn Signatures Fail](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-passkeys-secp256r1-webauthn): Solana verifies passkey signatures natively but rejects high-S values, caps eight per instruction and charges a signature fee each. The rules, from source.
- [Solana Honeypots That Pass Your Sell Simulation: How](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-honeypot-simulation-aware-programs): Simulated Solana transactions get a different sysvar than real ones, and a program can read the difference. How simulation-aware honeypots work and what to do.
- [The Solana Scam a Wallet Simulator Cannot See: Assign](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-owner-reassignment-scam-wallet-simulator): A single System Assign instruction hands your account to another program. The simulation shows no balance change, and afterwards nothing you sign can move it.
- [Solana Vanity Addresses: What a Prefix Really Costs](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-vanity-address-grinder-odds): A Solana address is base58 over 32 random bytes, so every extra prefix character costs 58× more tries. How the grinder works, the odds, and the safety rules.
- [Arc Chain, in Numbers: One Dollar, Two Decimals, and 97,000 Tokens in a Day](https://xroot.dev/blog/arc-chain-in-numbers): Reading Circle's Arc from its own node four days after mainnet: USDC as a native coin with two decimal scales, a base fee pinned at 20 gwei, a wrapped token that only reverts, and launchpads that got there before the banks.
- [After the Rent Cut, Your Old Solana Accounts Are Over-Funded](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-rent-surplus-nonce-stake-vote-accounts): Every account funded before a rent cut holds a surplus you can withdraw without closing it. The formula per account type and the rollback switch.
- [SPL Token Was Replaced In Place: p-token, Explained](https://xroot.dev/blog/spl-token-p-token-replaced-in-place): On 13 May 2026 SIMD-0266 swapped the bytecode behind Solana’s token program, moved it to loader v3 with no upgrade authority, and cut compute. What changed.
- [Solana’s Minimum Stake Delegation Is Now 1 SOL](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-minimum-stake-delegation-1-sol): The v5 stake program set the minimum delegation at 1 SOL on 18 June 2026. What that does, and does not do, to stake you already hold below it.
- [Solana's Inflation Will Decay Twice as Fast (SIMD-0550)](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-inflation-double-disinflation-simd-0550): SIMD-0550 will double Solana’s disinflation from 15% to 30% a year, with no jump on activation day. The formula, the forward curve, and who feels it.
- [Sent SOL to an Address That Doesn’t Exist Yet? SIMD-0312 Fix](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-create-account-allow-prefund-simd-0312): Solana’s system program could not create an account that already held SOL. SIMD-0312 adds one instruction that can, closing crypto’s most common support ticket.
- [Validators Will Share Block Revenue: Two Commissions](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-validator-block-revenue-sharing-two-commissions): Solana validators now set two commissions in basis points and route their cut to a collector; the block-revenue split itself is still gated. What to check.
- [Alpenglow's 2,000 Validator Seats and the 1.2 SOL Ticket](https://xroot.dev/blog/alpenglow-validator-admission-2000-seats): Under Alpenglow 2,000 validators vote, ties at the cut-off are evicted, and each seat burns 1.2 SOL an epoch at today’s 300 ms slots. From the validator source.
- [Token Balances That Change Without a Transaction on Solana](https://xroot.dev/blog/token-2022-balances-change-without-transaction): Two Token-2022 extensions make a balance change with time, not transactions. What the node computes, why uiAmount is null, and why archives get it wrong.
- [Alpenglow Finality in Numbers: 60%, 80%, 250 ms, 800 ms](https://xroot.dev/blog/alpenglow-finality-in-numbers): Every threshold and timer in Solana’s Alpenglow consensus, from the validator source: what “final” will mean, how fast it arrives, and what changes for you.
- [Token-2022’s New Extensions: Pausable and Permissioned Burn](https://xroot.dev/blog/token-2022-pausable-permissioned-burn): Two new Token-2022 extensions let an issuer halt a token or control who can burn it. What each does, why compliance wants them, and how to tell them from a rug.
- [SIMD-0500 Will Block Making Old Programs Immutable](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-legacy-programs-cannot-be-made-immutable-simd-0500): Once SIMD-0500 activates — it had not on mainnet as of 17 September 2026 — you cannot freeze a program unless its bytecode is SBPF v3. What to rebuild.
- [Solana Slots Are Going to 200 ms: What Halves, What Shrinks](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-200ms-slots-simd-0525): Three of SIMD-0525’s four slot-time steps are live. At today’s 300 ms a blockhash lasts 45 s and an epoch 36 hours; at 200 ms, 30 s and a day.
- [Solana Sandwich Attacks: Detect Them From Public Data](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-sandwich-detection-block-index): Since January 2026 Solana address history carries each transaction’s block position. The signature of a sandwich, and how to check your own swaps.
- [Confidential Transfers Have a Kill Switch: What It Costs You](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-confidential-transfers-kill-switch-proof-cost): Solana’s confidential transfers depend on one proof program with a disable gate and a re-enable gate. What each switch does to balances, and what a proof costs.
- [Solana Durable Nonces: The Transaction That Never Expires](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-durable-nonce-pre-signed-transactions): A durable nonce keeps a signed Solana transaction valid for months. How it works, how a pre-signed one drained a protocol, and the instruction that kills it.
- [Alpenglow: Half of Every Vote Reward Goes to the Leader](https://xroot.dev/blog/alpenglow-vote-rewards-leader-split): Alpenglow rewrites validator income: votes are no longer transactions, rewards split 50/50 with the leader, and you are paid only if certified 8 slots later.
- [Confidential Transfers on Solana: What's Native, What's Helius Rings, and What's Actually on Mainnet](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-confidential-transfers-native-vs-rings): The Helius Rings demo is not Solana's native confidential transfers — it is a separate shielded pool, devnet only. How both designs work, what each reveals, and what the chain says is live on mainnet.
- [Which Client Built Each Solana Block: Reading the Footer](https://xroot.dev/blog/which-client-built-each-solana-block): Alpenglow blocks will carry the producer’s client string and a nanosecond clock. Until that gate activates, gossip’s client IDs measure client share.
- [Solana Transaction Dropped With No Error: The Seven Doors](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-transaction-dropped-no-error): Seven places a Solana transaction is silently discarded before it ever fails: the priority floor, a 2-second dedup, retry limits, stale leaders, block ceilings.
- [Solana Fee Math: Rank = Bid ÷ Cost, Not Bid Alone](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-transaction-priority-formula-compute-limit): A Solana leader ranks your transaction by reward × 1,000,000 ÷ (cost + 1). Cutting the compute you reserve raises your rank and lowers your fee. Worked numbers.
- [How to Claim SOL From Empty Solana Token Accounts](https://xroot.dev/blog/claim-sol): Each empty Solana token account holds a refundable ~0.002 SOL deposit. What 'claim SOL' means, why the SOL is there, how the 2026 rent cut changes it, and how to reclaim it.
- [Solana Priority Fee Estimation: The RPC Returns a Minimum](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-priority-fee-minimum-not-percentile): getRecentPrioritizationFees returns the cheapest landed price per account over 150 slots, not the going rate. Why estimators misbid and how to read it right.
- [Permissioned Tokens on Solana: How Token ACL Works — and How to Tell It From a Honeypot](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-permissioned-tokens-token-acl): Solana's sRFC-37 Token ACL standard makes regulated tokens start frozen and unlock through a published gate — the exact on-chain shape of a honeypot scam. How the standard works, what's really live on mainnet, and the structural check that tells them apart.
- [Solana's 4,096-Byte Transactions: What v1 Breaks and How to Fix It](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-transaction-v1): txv1aq4pp281K9um3tnPgkfX8UqtFT6wcVW3hNezGLL is the mainnet gate for SIMD-0385 v1 transactions (4,096 bytes), active since epoch 1035 on 15 Sep 2026. What broke at activation — error -32015, zeroed compute limits — and the fix for each.
- [Robinhood Chain: Three Things the Docs Don't Say](https://xroot.dev/blog/robinhood-chain-read-directly): Reading Robinhood Chain with eth_call turns up an active transaction filterer, an undocumented token blocklist, and an identity check that actually holds.
- [Solana's 90% Rent Cut: The Economics of SIMD-0437](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-rent-cut-simd-0437): SIMD-0437 cuts Solana rent 90% in five feature-gated steps — but accounts funded at the old rate keep every lamport. What the cut changes for reclaims, airdrops, compression, and mints.
- [Zero-Latency DeFi: Parsing Raw Solana AMM Accounts in Rust](https://xroot.dev/blog/zero-latency-defi-parsing): Bypass SDK abstraction entirely. Reverse-engineer Solana AMM account layouts, strip the Anchor discriminator, and deserialize raw pool state with zero-copy bytemuck casting at microsecond speed.
- [Zero-Data-Loss Analytics: Scaling NATS and ClickHouse for Web3 (Part 3)](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-pipeline-part-3): NATS JetStream persistence, a production ClickHouse MergeTree schema for billions of swap rows, batch ingestion with tokio::select!, and a decoupled Axum WebSocket fanout layer.
- [Ingesting the Solana Firehose: High-Throughput Decoding with Rust (Part 2)](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-pipeline-part-2): Connection resilience with exponential backoff, zero-copy transaction decoding with the carbon crate, and bounded mpsc channels for backpressure-safe NATS publishing.
- [Architecting a Solana Data Pipeline: Economics & System Design (Part 1)](https://xroot.dev/blog/solana-pipeline-part-1): Why REST polling fails at Solana scale, the RPC math for the Helius Professional Plan, and designing a zero-latency VPC topology for a real-time swap indexer.

## Tools

- [Solana wallet check](https://app.xroot.dev/unclaimed): Paste any Solana address and run eleven read-only checks — unclaimed fees, rent locked in empty accounts, the surplus left by the rent cut, dead liquidity positions, abandoned programs, wrapped SOL, and standing approvals. No wallet connection.
- [Token audit](https://app.xroot.dev/token-audit): Check any Solana or Robinhood Chain token for rug and honeypot risks — who controls it, hidden taxes and traps, and holder concentration.
- [Solana tools](https://app.xroot.dev/solana): Every operation available on Solana — reclaim SOL from empty accounts, take back the rent surplus, unwrap wrapped SOL, revoke authorities, create and manage tokens, liquidity and fees.
- [Robinhood Chain tools](https://app.xroot.dev/robinhood): Rug check, wallet check, token approvals, and a live list of new and trending tokens on chain 4663.
- [Solana upgrade timeline](https://app.xroot.dev/upgrades): What changes next on Solana and when, read from the chain rather than from announcements.

## For AI agents and developers

- [Markdown for any page](https://xroot.dev/): Send `Accept: text/markdown` to any URL on this site and the markdown version is returned instead of HTML, with `x-markdown-tokens` and `x-original-tokens` headers reporting what that saved. A page with no markdown variant answers in HTML rather than failing.
- [Content policy](https://xroot.dev/robots.txt): `Content-Signal: ai-train=no, search=yes, ai-input=yes`. Quoting this content in an answer is expected; training on it is not.
- [Tools index for models](https://app.xroot.dev/llms.txt): The same treatment for the application — every service with a URL and a one-line description.
- [MCP server card](https://app.xroot.dev/.well-known/mcp/server-card.json): The tools are callable over MCP. Agents bring their own funded wallet, receive unsigned transactions, sign locally and submit.
- [Agent skill](https://app.xroot.dev/.well-known/agent-skills/xroot-token-ops/SKILL.md): How to drive the token operations end to end.
- [Feeds](https://xroot.dev/feed.xml): RSS, [Atom](https://xroot.dev/atom.xml) and [JSON Feed](https://xroot.dev/feed.json), all full-content.

## About

xroot.dev publishes on-chain research and builds the tools it leads to. Every figure in a post is verified against a primary source — program code, a proposal text, or a live call against the chain — and corrections are dated rather than quietly edited. Contact: support@xroot.dev. Channels: [X](https://x.com/xrootdev), [Discord](https://discord.gg/TzFz8pKzqZ), [Telegram](https://t.me/xrootdev_updates). More at https://xroot.dev/about.

Last updated: 2026-10-08